CRISPR: What is it and how does it work?

CRISPR: definition and origin

The The CRISPR technique , also known as CRISPR-Cas9, is a genetic editing method based on the observation of a reality: the repetition of certain sequences in the mitochondrial genome of bacteria and archaea. This type of repetition is called CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats).

The first research on these regular, clustered repeats began in the 1980s. However, starting in 2007, it was inferred that these repeats, along with the "Cas" proteins, facilitated acquired resistance to certain infections. And finally, in 2015, these repeats were deciphered. in certain bacteria.

We must make it clear, however, that this is a developing technology. New discoveries are being made year after year, and this can undoubtedly expand the possibilities. Furthermore, not all options are currently available because they are difficult to implement. Therefore, we must understand that new applications will emerge.

With the CRISPR technique, it is possible cut and edit a DNA from an infected virus to prevent further infections and their spread. The possibilities are numerous, so we want you to be aware of them.

How does this technique work?

The operation of this technique It's as follows: first, a guide RNA is generated that will replace the fragment to be modified; obviously, this RNA must be "clean" of the problem to be eliminated. This RNA is then added to the CAS proteins. And finally, the piece of DNA with the problem is cut out.

Here we're talking about editing or modification. Now, technically, it would also be possible to simply cut out the defective DNA and assemble it with the rest of the sequence.

What is CRISPR for?: Practical applications

Although CRISPR It's a technique that's under development and already has a multitude of practical applications in the health field, but also in the economic field. Properly planned genetic manipulation can improve life expectancy and prevent the development of diseases.

Here are some of the most interesting possibilities that can be developed with this information:

1. Practical applications against HIV

One of the most interesting possible applications of this technique is in chronic diseases such as HIV/AIDS . In this case, it would involve removing the HIV genome from the cell. And evidently, if that were possible, the disease would disappear. In any case, we are still at the stage of research, but this disease could be eradicated.

2. CRISPR: cancer therapy

Another option to use this technique is the treatment of different types of Cancer . Let's remember that the problem with a tumor lies in the concentration of cells. Well, what would be attempted here is either editing the DNA to prevent cell replication or, in other cases, eliminating them directly. In an early stage of cancer, this could be a useful therapeutic option.

3. Gene therapy

There are numerous genetic diseases, from cystic fibrosis from muscular dystrophy to Huntington's syndrome. Provided this origin can be demonstrated, it would be possible to use the CRISPR technique to modify the negative genetic material. Many diseases could be prevented or even cured. hereditary diseases .

4. Avoid pandemics or infectious diseases

Many infectious diseases or pandemics They occur through insects or animal organisms. With the CRISPR-Cas9 technique, for example, we can work to genetically modify certain organisms. And, in this way, avoid or minimize the effects of pandemics. The transgenic concept, in this case, can work in our favor. Let's think, for example, of the insects that have been able to spread numerous diseases to humans, plants, or other animals.

5. Organ transplants

The organ transplants can be made easier thanks to this type of technique. The reason is simple: it can reduce the body's rejection rate, one of the most common problems. To do this, a genetic comparison is made, and those parts of the DNA that are incompatible can be eliminated or edited. Therefore, at a high level of development, certain problems would be greatly reduced.

6. Fuel improvement

Biotechnology can work with this genetic technique, and specifically for the improvement of Biofuels . We can think, for example, of hybrids such as bioethanol or biodiesel, which began to be developed as early as the 1970s and 1980s. At a time when there are reasonable doubts about the development of electric vehicles, this may be a good option for research and work.

7. Agricultural development

He agricultural development This is another possibility offered by genetic modification. Much has been said about transgenic crops, but this is probably one of the most useful options. Why? Because with this modification, crops can be made less vulnerable to certain attacks. Think of pests like phylloxera in vines in the 19th century; well, with this technique, more resistant varieties could be designed.

8. Nutritional improvement

Genetic manipulation can also allow for a nutritional improvement in the foods we eat. Just as genetics has been cross-breeding certain varieties since at least the discovery of Mendel's principles, it can now go a step further. In fact, experiments are already underway in this direction because we can eat better and safer foods.

9. Conservation of animal species

When it comes to promoting the conservation of certain animal species, it is possible to introduce genetic manipulation to prevent them from becoming vulnerable. Not surprisingly, in endangered species , this would be a very interesting alternative. An endangered species with modified DNA is less likely to become extinct.

In summary…

CRISPR is a genetic technique that can solve several health problems, but also open up new opportunities for economic growth. Want to know if you have any predisposition to genetic diseases or problems? At Genotica, you'll find a complete list of tests so you can choose the one you prefer. Compare !