What are ribosomes?

What are ribosomes: definition, function and discovery

Ribosomes are intercellular structures (specifically RNA and proteins) whose function is protein synthesis. They are extremely small, though variable, cytoplasmic organelles found in all cells of the body. They basically translate what is transmitted by RNA and transform it into amino acid chains that are used to generate proteins.

It should be noted that each ribosome consists of a larger and a smaller unit. The proportion of RNA and proteins in a ribosome depends on whether the cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic ; in prokaryotic cells, the proportion of each element is 60% RNA and 40% protein , while in eukaryotic cells, the proportion is 50% and 50% in each case. This does not pose any problems if the structures function correctly.

Where can we find it? In all types of living organisms, both plants and animals. Remember that the percentage of DNA shared between animals and most plants is greater than it might seem. Therefore, it's not surprising that it's found in both types of organisms.

These structures were discovered relatively recently. They were first identified in 1943 by Albert Claude under the name "microsomes," and in 1958 they took on their current name, given by Richard Brooke Roberts. However, their importance has been further emphasized in recent decades, since their functioning was discovered in the late 1990s.

Why are ribosomes so important for the development of the organism?

Ribosomes are essential structures for the body to function properly for multiple reasons. And, ultimately, so you can live, and live well. We can highlight the most important ones, which are the following:

1. They synthesize proteins

The first thing we must point out is that a ribosome is essential for protein synthesis . This is crucial because, if proteins aren't synthesized, the body doesn't function. We must keep in mind that, without this process, cells can die, live shorter lives, or function poorly. Precisely for this reason, it's ultimately so important for a ribosome to do its job well.

2. They contribute to the regulation of the body's functions

The second function of a ribosome is to contribute to the regulation of the body's functions . The homeostatic process allows the body to function normally and manage energy properly. And for this, protein synthesis in cells is essential. Therefore, this is a key element for the body to function naturally. Although the homeostatic process becomes more complicated with age, we cannot deny that if there are problems in the cells, it becomes more difficult from the outset.

3. Ribosomes transform essential information

Another function of ribosomes is the transformation of essential information . The reason? They decode information through RNA and transform it. They do all of this through the A, P, and E clefts . If the information from the so-called "messenger RNA" weren't decoded and transformed into amino acids, we couldn't move on to other phases. In other words, if you don't receive a message, you can't interpret it. For this reason, it's also important that there are no alterations or mutations.

4. They adjust protein levels

Protein levels are adjusted thanks to the work of a ribosome. This is important because the amounts can vary depending on the body's needs, within the normal range of homeostasis. Not surprisingly, the body has to readjust itself depending on the moment, and this is achieved thanks to these structures. It's obvious that if a ribosome malfunctions, this will affect the levels of proteins synthesized.

What happens if ribosomes don't work properly?

One of the body's problems is abnormalities in cell function . Unfortunately, these can include problems with the number of ribosomes and how they function. These problems can be caused by various types of diseases called ribosomopathies . The most common are:

• Increased susceptibility to cancer: If protein synthesis doesn't occur properly, this increases the likelihood of developing various types of tumors. Therefore, this may be a congenital problem that should be taken into account in the medium and long term.
• 5q syndrome: 5q syndrome is a disease caused by the loss of a long arm of chromosome 5. This can eventually lead to leukemia or other physical complications.
• Treacher-Collins syndrome: This genetic condition affects the development of facial bones . It is primarily caused by a mutation in the TCOF1 gene.
• Dyskeratosis congenita: Dyskeratosis congenita is caused by mutations affecting telomerase. It causes bone marrow problems and various symptoms, including persistent tearing, nail dystrophy, and mucosal problems.
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia: This condition, related to a lack of red blood cell production, occurs before the first year of life. In addition to some deformities, it increases the likelihood of developing cancer in the future.

Therefore, if you can do a genetic or compatibility test before having children, all the better. This can prevent problems or detect them early. Furthermore, these studies are now being given greater priority, also in order to find appropriate pharmacological treatments.

In conclusion…

Ribosomes are a fundamental part of cells, and taking a genetic test can help you better understand your genetic condition or predisposition if you have children. At Genotica, we help you find the right genetic tests for you at the best price. Gain peace of mind and certainty! Contact us so you can compare prices and choose the best option for you!